Comunicata Scientiae is an international journal publishing research related to horticultural crops. Articles in the journal deal with all areas of horticulture - fruits, vegetables, aromatic and medicinal plants, edible fungi, ornamentals and landscape architecture, under temperate, subtropical and tropical conditions. Original articles, scientific notes and review articles are published in the journal in English. Comunicata Scientiae is indexed in: SCOPUS (Elsevier), CAB Abstracts, AGRIS/FAO, Agricola (USDA), Chemical Abstracts Services, Genamics, Agora/FAO, EBSCO-Academic Search, Index Copernicus International,Chinese Eletronic Periodical Services (AIRITI Inc.), Eletronic Journals Library (The Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB), ProQuest CSA, BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine),Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory, Gale Cengage Group, DIALNET, Text Journals in Chemistry (ABC Chemistry), Agrobase - Brazilian Agricultural Base, Directory of Open Access Journals, Sistema Regional de Información en Línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal (Latindex), Electronic Journals (e-journals) and Open J-gate.
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Chemical and physicochemical profiles of essential oil from Piper betel (L.) cultivated in different regions of Vietnam
This study aimed to investigate the variation of essential oils from Piper betel cultivated in three different geographic regions of Vietnam (Hoc Mon, Tien Giang, and Dak Lak). The extraction of essential oil was conducted by hydro-distillation for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. GC-MS was employed for the analysis of obtained essential oil. Physicochemical parameters were determined as per standard test methods. GC-MS revealed the highest amount of chavibetol present in all three essential oils of Piper betel cultivated in three different geographic regions of Vietnam: Hoc Mon (49.077%), Tien Giang (39.982%) and Dak Lak (34.888%). In contrast to the absence of Cadinene in both Hoc Mon and Tien Giang essential oils, there was remarkably an extremely high content of Cadinene present in Dak Lak essential oil, accounting for approximately 49% of the total constituents of essential oil. α-Cadinene was recorded to be the highest quantity (19.826%), followed by γ-Cadinene (15.470%) and δ-Cadinene (13.369%). Nature variation in different geographic regions of Vietnam (Hoc Mon, Tien Giang, and Dak Lak) plays a key role in the diversification of essential oil composition in Piper betel.
Copyright (c) 2025 Son Hoang, Thanh Le, Duong Nguyen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Growth and productivity of okra intercropped with kale in direct planting under organic management
The cultivation of vegetables in intercropping and direct planting are alternatives with greater economic, social and environmental efficiency. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different plant arrangement systems on the intercropping of okra and kale, as well as on the efficiency of use of the area. The experiment was conducted at the experimental station belonging to Unioeste, from May 2017 to March 2018 in direct planting, under organic management, using a randomized block design, containing seven treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the following arrangements of okra and kale plants in a consortium, T1 = three rows of kale with okra between the lines; T2 = three rows of kale with okra between the lines; T3 = three rows of kale with okra dense between the lines; T4 = three rows of kale with okra dense spaced between alternating lines; and monoculture T5 = three rows of kale; T6 = three rows of okra; T7 = three rows of dense okra. Assessments began 50 and 73 days after transplanting for kale and okra, respectively. Biometric and productivity variables were evaluated. The data were subjected to variance analysis and, when significant, regression analysis depending on the evaluation periods or compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. It is concluded, that the okra crop showed greater productivity when grown in dense monoculture, and all intercropping systems promoted greater efficiency in land use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Guilherme Augusto Boes Sackser, Márcia de Moraes Echer , Thatiane Nepomuceno Alves , Jaqueline de Araújo Barbosa, Larissa Hiromi Kiahara , Pablo Wenderson Ribeiro Coutinho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Production of tamarind seedlings with organic substrates and application of swine biofertilizer
The tamarind tree is a fruit tree that is quite resistant to tropical climates, making it easy to adapt to the Northeast. Substrates and biofertilizers, as they are organic materials and rich in micro and macronutrients, can enrich the soil for better cultivation of this plant. This research aimed to evaluate the growth of tamarind seedlings using different substrates and applying swine biofertilizer. The experiment was carried out from April to December 2023 at the Instituto Federal da Paraíba, Campus – Sousa-PB, adopting a completely randomized experimental design, with seven replicates, in a 7 x 2 factorial, referring to seven combinations of substrates, being: soil (control treatment), soil + cattle manure, soil + sheep manure, soil + chicken litter, soil + cattle manure + sheep manure, soil + cattle manure + chicken litter, soil + sheep manure + chicken litter, in the absence and presence of swine biofertilizer, totaling 98 experimental units. When the seedlings reached 40 days after sowing (DAS), the following were measured: seedling height (AM), stem diameter (DC), number of leaves (NF), root dry mass (MSR), shoot dry mass (MSPA), root to shoot ratio (RPA), and root length (CR). The best combination of substrates for seedling production was soil + cattle manure + chicken litter. The application of swine biofertilizer to tamarind seedlings promoted beneficial effects on stem diameter, thus making seedlings stronger and more resistant.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erlânia Erica Dantas de Lima, Mário Leno Martins Véras , Danilo Alexandre Rodrigues , Mikaele Nogueira dos Santos, Alexsandro Batista Cesar da Silva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Germination and emergence of Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Mey. seeds subjected to desiccation
Astrocaryum aculeatum is a palm tree of food and economic importance in the Amazon, but little information is found for its propagation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of A. aculeatum seeds as a function of different moisture contents. The seeds were desiccated in a vacuum oven for different periods (0, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours), which resulted in seeds and embryos with different moisture contents; the resulting seed moisture contents (18.6%, 16.3%, 14.7%, 13.1%, 11.3%, and 9.6%, respectively) were considered treatments. The seeds were divided into two lots: one immediately evaluated, and another evaluated after 30 days of storage, for each seed moisture content. Seed quality was evaluated through germination and seedling emergence in a completely randomized design with four replications, using a split-plot arrangement. A. aculeatum seeds and embryos presented different moisture contents, which decreased from 18.6% to 9.6% in seeds and from 39.1% to 20.9% in embryos after the 96-hour desiccation. Decreases in seed moisture content down to 14.4% (31.0% in embryos) do not affect seed germination and seedling emergence and can be considered the critical moisture content below which seed physiological quality is compromised.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Rodrigues Rebouças, Sidney Alberto do Nascimento Ferreira, Patrícia Nazário, Daniel Felipe de Oliveira Gentil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Growth components and gas exchange in Tecoma stans L. plants under water stress
The reduction in water availability has significant effects on plant physiology and morphology, leading to changes in metabolism that impair the plant establishment in the field. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water stress on morphophysiological traits of Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth seedlings. The experimental design was conducted in a completely randomized design, with four irrigation intervals: daily irrigation (control), and irrigation intervals of 5, 10, and 15 days. Plant height and leaf number were measured weekly after the 15th day after transplanting and the root length, dry matter, and biomass allocation in different plant organs were determined after 60 days. Gas exchange measurements were also assessed. Tecoma stans showed significant response to water stress due to the extended irrigation intervals, showing a significant reduction in plant height, leaf number, dry matter (stem, leaves, roots, and total dry matter). Photosynthetic rates ranged from 1.8 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ under the longest irrigation interval to 13.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in plants irrigated daily, with transpiration rates following a similar behavior. The highest gas exchange rates were observed under daily irrigation. The most significant negative effects on photosynthesis, transpiration, and particularly stomatal conductance were observed in plants irrigated under intervals of 10 and 15 days.
Copyright (c) 2025 Magnólia Alves, Manoel Bandeira de Albuquerque, Renata Ranielly Pedroza Cruz , Thiago Jardelino Dias , Eliane Cecília de Medeiros http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Growth and yield of yellow passion fruit under hydrogel and vegetal mulching doses
The yellow passion fruit is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops in Brazil, with the Northeast region being particularly prominent. Despite being the largest national producer, water scarcity remains the primary limiting factor for expanding this crop in Brazilian semi-arid regions. Given this challenge, there is a need for soil management techniques that enhance water use efficiency by plants. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and production components of yellow passion fruit in soil treated with hydrogel and mulching from crop residues. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five hydrogel doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g dm⁻³ of soil) in soil with and without mulching derived from Brachiaria plant residues. The analyzed variables included plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and leaves, number of fruits, yield per plant, average fruit mass, and yield. Yellow passion fruit growth was enhanced with a hydrogel dose of 1.1 g dm⁻³, and yield improved with doses ranging from 0.65 to 2.0 g dm⁻³ in the second harvest. Soil with mulching from Brachiaria plant residues increased the yield of yellow passion fruit, particularly in the second harvest.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danila Lima de Araújo, Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante, Antônio Gustavo de Luna Souto, Lucas Henrique Maciel Carvalho, Jamiles Carvalho Gonçalves de Souza Henrique, Adailza Guilherme Cavalcante, Ítalo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante, José Francismar de Medeiros http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cost and profitability of tomato cultivation in a protected environment with different spacings
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a crop of great global economic importance due to its extensive cultivation area, in addition to generating employment and income. Climatic conditions are a major obstacle to production, requiring the use of a protected environment to produce quality fruits. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the cost and profitability of tomato cultivation in a traditional cultivation environment, covered with plastic film, and in a cultivation environment covered with polycarbonate and water film, using different spacings as a decision-making criterion. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril in the municipality of Sinop - MT. Different environments were used: greenhouse covered with 150 micron agricultural film and greenhouse covered with polycarbonate with the application of a water film for cooling and five spacings: 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5 and 0.6 m. Commercial productivity, total operating cost and profitability were evaluated. For both environments, the 0.2 and 0.3 m spacings showed greater productivity and consequently gross revenue, which was reflected in profitability parameters such as operating profit, gross margin, profitability index, leveling point and price. The other spacings tested did not show economic viability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Max José Festl, Franciely da Silva Ponce , Josiane Marlise Theis de Aguirre, Paulo Henrique de Oliveira Velozo, Márcio Roggia Zanuzo , Ana Karina Rodrigues Abadio de Paula , Silvia Graciele Hülse de Souza, Santino Seabra Júnior http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Foliar application of sulfur on postharvest traits of onion hybrids
Onion is one of the most widely consumed seasoning vegetables in the world. Beyond productivity, onion quality is of great importance, influenced by factors such as appearance, aroma, flavor, and chemical composition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of applying elemental sulfur at different growth stages on the postharvest quality attributes of onion bulbs. Two experiments were conducted at different times using a factorial design in randomized blocks. Four hybrids were tested: Diamantina®, Optima® F1, Serena® F1, and Gamay® F1 (purple). The second factor was the timing of foliar elemental sulfur application: at the development stages of 4–6 leaves, 6–8 leaves, 8–10 leaves, and 10–12 leaves, along with a control group that received solid elemental sulfur applied to the soil. The evaluated attributes included pungency (µmol.g-1), soluble solids (°Brix), total titratable acidity (% pyruvic acid), pH, leaf sulfur content, and bulb sulfur content. Among the traits measured, the pyruvic acid content was influenced by the timing of sulfur application, with the Serena® F1 hybrid at the 10–12 leaf stage showing significant differences from the other hybrids. Regarding pungency, the Diamantina®, Serena® F1, and Gamay® F1 hybrids were classified as having medium pungency when sulfur was applied foliarly, while the Optima® F1 hybrid was classified as low/sweet pungency. Sulfur content in the bulbs and leaves of the onion cultivars was not significantly affected by foliar sulfur application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Liomar Borges de Oliveira, Luana Keslley Nascimento Casais, Simone Pereira Teles, Tamara Thalia Prolo, Allan Sales de Sousa, Carolina Pereira de Paula, José Avelino Cardoso, Ildon Rodrigues do Nascimento http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Multivariate and correlation network analyses in the selection of papaya cultivars in Mato Grosso, Brazil
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is among the most widely grown fruit species in the world and have significant economic importance in Brazil. However, most of the Brazilian production is concentrated in the Northeast and Southeast regions, limiting the potential expansion of this production chain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of papaya cultivars from the Solo and Formosa groups in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, focusing on the combination of high-yield traits, fruit quality, and consumer acceptance through canonical variable analysis. The research was conducted in Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil, using 11 papaya cultivars (Golden, Golden-THB, Aliança, UC14, UC16, UC12, Bela-Nova, Calimosa, Rubi-Incaper-511, T2, and Tainung-1). The cultivars showed significantly different results. Overall, they met the standards required by both national and international markets in terms of fruit physical appearance. Golden-THB (Solo group) showed the highest yield, while Golden had the highest ascorbic acid and beta-carotene contents. Rubi-Incaper-511 and UC16 were the most preferred by consumers, according to the sensory analysis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rayla Nemis de Souza, Willian Krause, Eileen Azevedo Santos, Dayane Castro Silva, Rivanildo Dallacort, Renê Arnoux da Silva Campos, Celice Alexandre Silva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Root development of pineapple seedlings cultivars inoculated with Fusarium guttiforme isolates
Fusariosis caused by Fusarium guttiforme is responsible for losses in pineapple production in tropical regions. Information on potential damage to the root system at the early stages of plant development and the magnitude of damage caused by different F. guttiforme isolates is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the genotype x isolate interaction in pineapple root development. The experimental trial was set up in a randomized block design with four replications in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement (pineapple cultivars x F. guttiforme isolates + control). The following variables were evaluated at 90 days after inoculation: number of branches, root length, mean root diameter, total root perimeter, root surface area, shoot fresh mass, root fresh mass, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means compared by Tukey’s test (p > 0.05). The cultivar Pérola showed a higher reduction in root development when inoculated with F. guttiforme. The cultivars Smooth Cayenne and BRS Vitória showed no changes in root development when inoculated, while ‘IAC Fantástico’ presented damage in the root system when inoculated with the isolates CF/UENF 512, CF/UENF 516, and CF/UENF 528. Pineapple plants may experience reductions in root length, number of branches, and, consequently, root volume when infected by F. guttiforme at the initial stage of development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafael Nunes de Almeida, Helenilson de Oliveira Francelino, Luciana Pereira Pinto, Lavínia Santana Ladeira Gomes, Marta Simone Mendonça Freitas, Marcelo Vivas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Genetic inheritance of quantitative characters in ornamental peppers
This study was carried out aimed to genetic inheritance analysis of 14 characteristics in ornamental peppers. Eight ornamental Capsicum annuum lines were crossed to produce a diallel set without reciprocals. The 28 F1 hybrids and their parents were arranged in a completely randomized design, with three replicates and two plants per plot. Data were subjected to variance analysis and subsequent diallel analysis performed according to Hayman's method. The t statistic was used to test the adequacy of the additive-dominance model. Canopy diameter, plant height, first bifurcation height, stem diameter, days to fruiting, leaf length, leaf width, fruit mass, fruit dry matter content, fruit diameter and yield manifested epistasis. For days to flowering and number of fruits per plant additive effects were more important, in this way selection in segregating generations will be quite efficient. These two traits exhibited partial dominance and fruit lenght exhibited overdominance it is being recommended to explore heterosis. The expected limits for the reduction of the average number of days to flowering is 89 days, for the increase in the number of fruits it is 96 fruits and for the reduction of the fruit length it is 6 milimeters. UFSJ 1 has the highest concentration of dominant genes to reduce days to flowering and fruit length averages and UFSJ 8 has the highest concentration of recessive genes to increase the number of fruit, so these parents are indicated for selection for continued breeding program.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alejandra Semiramis Albuquerque, Arthur Silveira Vasconcelos Rodrigues, Caio Oliveira Lopes, Mikaelle Lindaura Alves de Lima, Reginaldo Arthur Gloria Marcelino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Genetic Diversity in Ornamental Chili Pepper Through Interspecific Crossing
he observation of morpho-agronomic characteristics of ornamental chili pepper is essential to enhance diversity and get novel cultivars. Interspecific crossing is extremely effective in introducing a desirable character, resulting in a novel cultivar of agronomic relevance. This study aimed to identify the genetic diversity of crossing two open-pollinated ornamental chili pepper cultivars (‘Black Pearl’/Capsicum annuum & ‘Rawit Prentul’/Capsicum frutescens) as parents based on twenty morpho-agronomic characters (plant, flower, and fruit). The genetic diversity analysis in interspecific ornamental pepper offspring shows varying results from narrow to broad diversity. The broad genetic diversity in F1 Black Pearl x Rawit Prentul is found in replace with vegetative character, while the reciprocal cross (Rawit Prentul x Black Pearl) is seen in replace with vegetative and fruit characteristics. change The heatmap analysis identified the F1 into three major clusters while the dendogram analysis divided the F1 and F1 reciprocal into four major clusters. In F1 offsprings showed significantly negative and positive correlation between fruit color and morpho-agronomics character.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christina Astri Wirasti, Aziz Purwantoro, Rudi Hari Murti, Yekti Asih Purwestri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime on new rootstocks resistant to citrus gummosis
The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative growth of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime on citrus rootstocks. The experiment was established in December 2016 at the Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Guarantã do Norte Campus, MT. The experimental design was a randomized block with 13 treatments, four replications, and five plants/plot. The treatments included commercial and hybrid rootstocks, named and coded as follows: ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’ lemon tree (LCRSC), ‘Cravo CNPMF - 03’ lemon tree (LCR-03), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (CTSW), ‘Sunki Tropical’ tangerine tree (TSKTR), ‘San Diego’ citrandarin (CTRSD), ‘Indio’ citrandarin (CTRI), HTR - 069, TSKC x TRFD - 003, TSKC x TRFD - 006, TSKC x CTSW - 028, TSKC x (LCR x TR) - 059, LVK x LCR - 038, and LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005. The planting spacing and density were 6.25 m x 2.75 m, 582 plants per hectare. The variables assessed were plant height, rootstock and grafting trunk diameter, rootstock/grafting compatibility ratio, vegetative vigor index (IVV), and canopy diameter and volume. All rootstock/scion combinations exhibited graft compatibility and vegetative growth of the canopy in accordance with the physiology of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime up to 36 months of age. Except for CTRSD, the largest canopy volumes and IVV were observed in plants on commercial rootstocks, while HTR - 069 and LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005 induced the lowest values, with LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005 resulting in the smallest plant height.
Copyright (c) 2025 Givanildo Roncatto, Marcelo Ribeiro Romano , Sandro Marcelo Caravina, Eduardo Augusto Girardi, Walter Dos Santos Soares Filho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In vitro propagation In vitro propagation of Dahlia sp. using different types of explants and plant growth regulators (PGR)
Dahlia sp., a family of Compositeae has potential value as an alternative food and medicinal plant. Its tubers contain carbs, fiber, and many other beneficial substances. Dahlia sp. can be propagated via in vitro culture to create uniform seeds, free from pests and pathogens, more stable, and can be scale up in a short time. The addition of cytokinin and auxins in the media can stimulate the shoot formation of Dahlia sp planlets. This research aimed to determine the growth response of Dahlia sp. cultures on DKW (Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut) medium supplemented with BAP, kinetin, 2-iP, and NAA and to identify the best type of explant used for the micropropagation of Dahlia sp. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial design, with factors tested: type of explant (apical shoots, middle and basal nodes), and plant growth regulator combination between cytokinins (BAP, Kinetin, and 2-iP ) and auxin (NAA) at 0 and 1 mg/L. The result demonstrated that the DKW medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2-iP and 1 mg/L NAA using middle nodes as explants produced the highest values for shoot height, number of shoots, number of roots, fresh weight, and dry weight variables. Apical shoots explant cultured on DKW medium supplemented with 1 mg/L Kinetin and 0 mg/L NAA produced the highest number of leaves and were significantly different from the others.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rudiyanto, Aida Wulansari, Evan Maulana, Nida Wafiqah Nabila Mutsyuhito Solin, Fitri Yulianti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Le Fertilizing and protective potential of castor oil cake on soil and morphological parameters of eggplant (Solanuma melongena)
Vegetable crops are the backbone of agriculture. However, low soil fertility, pest spreading, high cost of chemical fertilizers and effects of pesticides have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the action of castor oil cake doses on soil properties, rooty nematodes and eggplant parameters. The experiment was conducted on a Fisher block design (4x5). The treatments applied included the negative control, Triple 15 and different doses of castor oil cake (1; 1.9 and 2.8 t/ha). The incorporation of the oil cake changed the texture from clayey-sandy to loamy-sandy. The soil pH changed from 3.9 to 4.6. The saturation rate, the sum of exchangeable bases and the cation exchange capacity also increased by 30 to 41% respectively; 0.94 to 1.36% and 3.1 to 3.29%. Nitrogen content increased from 0.048 to 0.084%, phosphorus and potassium contents did not change. Organic matter rate increased from 0.84 to 2.92%. Analysis of variance showed a significant effect (p < 0.05). Plant mortality rates due to nematode were 25.25% for the negative control, 19.12% for the positive control (triple 15), 13% for D1 (1 t/ha of castor cake) and 0.00% for D2 (1.9 t/ha of castor cake) and D3 (2.8 t/ha of castor cake). Yields varied (from 3.58 to 6.80 t/ha) depending on the treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mamadi Mariame Camara, Paul Windinpsidi Savadogo, Lancine Sangare http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of two Bacillus sp. strains as an alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling Botrytis cinerea in roses destined for preservation
This study evaluated the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as biocontrol agents against Botrytis cinerea in rose crops destined for preservation in Cayambe, Ecuador. A randomized complete block design was used with nine treatments: six biological (three concentrations of each species) and three chemical treatments. The incidence and severity of the pathogen were evaluated weekly, along with economic indicators such as the cost-benefit ratio (CBR) and net benefit (NB). The biological treatment B1D3 (B. subtilis 1×10¹² CFU/ml) demonstrated the highest effectiveness, reducing incidence to 21.7% and severity to 7.61%, significantly outperforming the chemical treatments Q1, Q2, and Q3, whose values ranged between 24.2%-30.8% for incidence and 9.25%-10.80% for severity. Economically, B1D3 also stood out, achieving a CBR 10% higher and an NB approximately 40% greater than the closest chemical treatment (Q2). In contrast, lower-concentration biological treatments, such as B2D1 (B. amyloliquefaciens 1×10⁶ CFU/ml), were less effective, with incidences of 40.4% and severities of 21.6%. These results position B1D3 as a sustainable and economically viable alternative to traditional chemical fungicides, reinforcing its utility for integrated management of B. cinerea. This study supports the use of Bacillus as an effective and cost-efficient strategy that enhances the sustainability of floriculture while reducing the environmental impact associated with synthetic chemical use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Morales Ruiz Javier Emanuel , Orlando Meneses Quelal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of growth, nutrient uptake and production of three virus-free garlic cultivars
Garlic cultivars in southern Brazil are virus-free, however, the rate of nutrient absorption and plant growth is unknown. The objective of this work was to determine the growth curve, production and nutrient uptake of three virus-free garlic cultivars. The experiment was conducted in Fraiburgo, SC state, in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The treatments were arranjed in a factorial 3 x 10 scheme with parcel subdivided in time. The three cultivars (Ito, Caçador and Quitéria) were distributed in the parcels and ten collects (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126 and 140 days after planting) were the subparcel. The plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and extraction of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Cu were determined. The three cultivars present differences in their growth curve and accumulation of nutrients. Nutrient extraction and dry mass accumulation are highly intensified after the plants differentiation into cloves. The maximum accumulation of all nutrients and the bulbs and total dry mass of plants occur at harvest. The nutrients absorption follows the sequence: K>N>Ca>P>Mg>Fe>Zn>Cu.
Copyright (c) 2025 Leandro Hahn, Anderson Luiz Feltrim, Angela Cristina Paviani, Janice Valmorbida, Anderson Fernando Wamser, Simone Silmara Werner http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of ´Coronel´ hybrid fertigated tomato growth and nutrient uptake rate
'Coronel' hybrid tomato is grown in approximately 80% of salad tomato crops in three Southern Brazil states. Shoot and fruit biomass, as well as nutrient uptake rate, are parameters adopted in decision-making processes focused on crop fertilization recommendations. The aim of the current study is to determine shoot and fruit dry mass, as well as nutrient accumulation in leaves, stems and fruits throughout the 'Coronel' hybrid tomato production cycle. The experiment was carried out in Typic Hapludox soil, in Caçador County-SC. It followed a randomized block design, with 4 replicates. Treatments comprised 10 different collection times (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126 and 140 days after planting). Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number and fresh mass of green and ripe fruits, were assessed at each sampling date. Total, commercial (extra AA and extra A) and non-commercial yield, as well as mean commercial fruit mass (extra AA and extra A), were assessed. Nutrient contents were determined in different plant organs. Fruit fresh mass reached 14.17 kg plant-1, at 140 days after transplanting (DAT). If one takes into consideration the population of 11,111 plants ha-1, it corresponds to production of 157.44 t ha-1. K was the nutrient recording the highest accumulation rate in the shoot dry mass (480.2 kg ha-1) at 140 DAT; it was followed by N (342.4 kg ha-1), Ca (199.9 kg ha-1), Mg (57.0 kg ha-1) and P (43.6 kg ha-1).
Copyright (c) 2025 Leandro Hahn, Camila Moreira, Rafael Goulart Machado, Marlova Bernardi, Priscila Dal Bosco, Anderson Luiz Feltrim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pruning times on the phenology and quality of chardonnay vine (Vitis vinifera L.)
The pruning time can influence the performance of the vine, depending on the local conditions in which it is located. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of pruning times on the phenology of the Chardonnay vine, on the productivity and quality of the grape and wine in the 2022/2023 production cycle. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with 3 replications and an experimental unit of 5 plants. The treatments consisted of four pruning times (at the end of May, June, July and August), with assessments of phenology (at the beginning and end of budding, flowering, and maturation), percentage of bud sprouting, production and quality of grapes and wine. Production was evaluated in number of bunches; average weight and size of bunches; productivity per plant and per hectare. The analyzes of must before processing, and wine, were pH; total acidity; sugars, alcohol and volatile acidity. Early pruning (T1) reduces the duration of phenological cycles. Early pruning resulted in lower production. The must from control (3) presented the highest value for total acidity. T1 did not change the duration of the phenological subperiods nor did it bring forward the harvest, in relation to the control. However, it may increase the risk of damage to shoots due to late frosts, in years with winter temperatures close to 0 °C. The different pruning times influenced the productivity and not the composition of the grapes. It is possible to extend the pruning period and stagger the workforce to carry out dry pruning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Keila Aloy, Samuel Francisco Gobi, Suziane Antes Jacobs, Daniel Pazzini Eckhardt, Hyoran Caius Genindo Barreto Martins, Rafael Lizandro Schumacher, Vagner Brasil Costa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and maturation of cape gooseberry fruits
The cultivation of Physalis peruviana L. is an economic alternative, particularly for small farmers. However, there is a lack of available information on its cultivation under Brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the development and maturation of the fruits of P. peruviana according to the moment of flowering of the plant and the age of the fruit, in Piracicaba, São Paulo. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, and the treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design, the first factor consisting of two moments of flowering of plants, 55 and 105 days after transplantation (DAT) and the second, represented by the age of the fruits, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days after anthesis (DAA). The physicochemical characteristics of 15 fruits from each repetition were evaluated immediately after harvesting. The necessary thermal accumulation from anthesis to the physiological maturity of the fruit is variable between the moments of flowering of the plant. Fruits harvested at 75 DAA, originating from the first moment of flowering (55 DAT), and at 60 DAA, originating from flowers issued at 105 DAT, present parameters (mass, size, color, and flavor) that characterize physiological maturity and have a quality standard that makes them suitable for marketing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fábio Oliveira Diniz, Bruno Ewerton da Silveira Cardillo, Ana Dionisia da Luz Coelho Novembre http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Salt stress in okra cultivated under different planting systems and mulch
Salt stress directly affects the cultivation of glycophyte plants by reducing water and nutrient uptake, which rapidly affects growth rate and assimilate accumulation. Therefore, a planting system involving transplantation or direct seeding in combination with a plant mulch on the soil can mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the growth and biomass accumulation of okra crop under salt stress in different planting systems, with and without plant mulch. The study was conducted in polyethylene pots, under full sunlight, in Redenção - CE. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, in a 3×2×2 factorial scheme, representing three electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 dS m-1), two planting systems (direct sowing and transplanting) and with and without plant mulch, with 6 replications. Leaf area, leaf number, root length, and dry weight of okra are negatively affected by salt stress (2.5 dS m-1) even under soil protection and different cropping systems. Plant mulch reduced the effects of salts on all biomass variables in both cropping systems at an electrical conductivity of 1.5 dS m-1.
Copyright (c) 2025 Antonia Franciany Araujo Coelho, Geocleber Gomes de Sousa, Henderson Castelo Sousa, Jonnathan Richeds da Silva Sales, Alexsandro Oliveira da Silva, Carla Ingryd Nojosa Lessa, Samuel de Oliveira Santos, Antônio Alisson Fernandes Simplício http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Priming of pumpkin seeds with salicylic acid in response to salt stress
Salicylic acid is a phenolic hormone that influences the physiological and biochemical processes of plants, including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses like salinity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the priming of pumpkin seeds with salicylic acid to mitigate salt stress during germination and early development. An entirely randomized design was used, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, using different doses of the phytohormone (100, 150, and 200 mg L−1 and distilled water) and salinity levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 dS m−1), with four replicates. Two genotypes, hybrid cv. Atlas and creole variety were used. The priming period of the seeds in salicylic acid was 8 hours. Then, the seeds were packed in germitest paper, soaked in saline solution, and placed in a germinating chamber. The initial germination count, germination percentage, and abnormal seedlings were evaluated. In a greenhouse, the emergence test was conducted with the seeds primed seeds. Saline solution was provided once a day. The percentage of emergence, emergence speed index, shoot and root length, and shoot and root dry mass were evaluated. The salt stress compromised seed germination and seedling development. The hybrid was sensitive to the salinity of 2 dS m−1, while the creole variety tolerated salinity up to 2 dS m−1. Priming of pumpkin seedlings with salicylic acid did not relieve salt stress during germination and early development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Douglas Martins de Santana, Diego Borges de Sousa, Fábio Oliveira Diniz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pruning type and timing affect agronomic performance of blueberry plants grown in central Brazil
Global blueberry production more than quadrupled between 2010 and 2022. One of the factors contributing to this production growth was the development of new cultivars with little or no chilling requirements, capable of thriving in tropical regions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the growth and fruit yield of blueberry plants (Biloxi cultivar) subjected to different pruning types and timings in the Distrito Federal (DF), Central-West region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in an open field, using a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 10 plants per plot, totaling 480 plants. The plants were grown in pots using a fertigation system and were subjected to two types of pruning (severe pruning and regular pruning) in the different seasons of the year. The plants were evaluated for vegetative growth, fruit yield, number of fruits per plant, mean fruit weight, and fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters. The results showed that Biloxi blueberry can be grown under the climate conditions of the central region of Brazil, during the four seasons of the year, despite the tropical climate conditions and no occurrence of temperatures lower than 7.2 °C. Higher fruit yields were found when pruning was performed in winter or spring. Severe pruning resulted in higher fruit yields compared to regular pruning in winter. Summer and autumn pruning treatments reduced fruit yield; however, it is an alternative to extend the production window of this crop in Brazil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gabriel Soares Miranda, Firmino Nunes de Lima, Osvaldo Kiyoshi Yamanishi, José Ricardo Peixoto, Márcio De Carvalho Pires http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physicochemical characteristics of andisols and their correlation to potato yield based on land mapping units
The high phosphate retention in andisol soil is often associated with a decrease in potato yield. Additionally, identification of the physical and chemical characteristics of andisols and their correlation to potato yield through soil mapping units (SMUs) is necessary to facilitate field surveys. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the physicochemical characteristics of andisols with a focus on available phosphorus (P) and the correlation to potato production based on SMUs. The experiment was conducted in Karo District, North Sumatra, Indonesia, from July 2022 to February 2023. A descriptive-analytical method was used by overlaying maps of slope, soil types, and altitude until 10 SMUs were selected that were planted with potatoes. Soil physicochemical properties were identified, while Pearson correlation analysis was performed on available-P and potato yield using IBM SPSS software. The results showed that the silt and clay fractions positively correlated with available-P in andisols. All soil physical characteristics were categorized as very weak to weak in supporting potato yield. A total of four SMUs including 1, 5, 8, and 10 were found to have lower available-P and very low to moderate correlations with soil pH, organic-C, C:N ratio, cation exchange capacity (CEC), as well as total-P. Based on the results, potato yield could increase by 1.765 and 0.380 tons ha-1 through the addition of organic-C and C:N ratio in Karo District. Therefore, soil amendment is required as an alternative to improve andisols soil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Delima Napitupulu, Abdul Rauf, Mariani Sembiring, Posma Marbun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In vitro root development under different IBA concentrations and culture media
In vitro root cultivation is a method that provides high production and volume of roots quickly due to controlled environmental conditions. However, few studies report the in vitro development of excised roots for the most diverse plant species. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro development of excised mint (Menta piperita L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots under different concentrations of IBA and verify tomato roots' growth in different cultivation media. Segments of 2 cm of roots were incubated in DSD1 culture medium with concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg. L-1 of AIB. Afterward, the 'M,' 'MSR', and DSD1 media were tested, supplemented with 1 mg L-1 of IBA. The cultivation of tomato roots shows greater in vitro development than mint, and 1 mg L-1 of IBA concentration was the most effective for tomatoes in DSD1 medium. The MSR medium resulted in a higher number and length of roots. Applying IBA increases the in vitro development of excised tomato roots compared to mint. For tomatoes, the concentration of 1 mg L-1 of IBA stimulates the most significant development of the roots. The MSR medium has the highest development of tomato roots at 60 days after in vitro introduction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Leonardo Guasso, Daiane Silva Lattuada, Paulo Vitor Dutra de Souza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Vegetative growth and fruit quality of 'Tahiti' acid lime grafted onto different rootstocks
The production of 'Tahiti' acid lime in Brazil is currently limited to the northeastern and southeastern regions and research is required to identify compatible rootstocks in order to potentiate other producing areas and to meet the needs of the consumer and industrial markets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics during vegetative growth and the physicochemical attributes and quality of fruit produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF-02' acid lime grafted onto the twelve rootstocks ‘Cravo LCRSC’ and ‘LCR-03’ lime, citrandarins ‘CTRI’ and ‘CTRSD’, citrumelo ‘CTSW’, ‘Pear HTR-069’ orange, ‘Volkamer LVK×LCR- 038’ lemon, and ‘Sunki TSKC×CTSW-028', ‘TSKC×CTSW-041', ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059', ‘TSKC×TRFD-003' and ‘TSKT’ tangerine. The randomized experimental design included 12 treatments with four repetitions and five plants per plot. The characteristics of the grafted plants were evaluated during vegetative growth at 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 years of age, while fruit quality was assessed at maturity. All tested rootstocks were compatible with the scion 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime cultivated under the climate and soil conditions in the north of Mato Grosso state. The rootstocks ‘LCR-003', ‘CTRI’, ‘CTRSD’, ‘CTSW’ and ‘TSKC×CTSW-028' induced the greatest vertical growth, trunk diameter, crown volume and vigor in the grafted plants. The physicochemical characteristics and quality of the fruit produced by grafted plants of 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime met market expectations, except for the parameter total titratable acidity. The fruits produced by 'Tahiti CNPMF 02' acid lime grafted onto ‘CTRSD’, ‘TSKC×(LCR×TR)-059’, ‘LCR-003’, ‘TSKC×CTSW-041’, ‘TSKC×TRFD-003’, ‘LVK×LCR-038’ and ‘CTRI’ were the largest in terms of length and mass.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silvia de Carvalho Campos Botelho, Givanildo Roncatto, Dácio Olibone, Ícaro Pereira de Souza; Bruno Rafael da Silva; Fernando Mendes Botelho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Winter pruning timing, development and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon in Southern Brazil
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of winter pruning timing on phenology, productivity, and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines in 2022/2023 production cycle. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 3 replications, each experimental unit consisted of 5 plants. The treatments involved four pruning timings (end of May, June, July and August). Phenology assessments were beginning and end of bud break, flowering, maturation and percentage of bud break. Production was evaluated by the number of clusters per plant, weight and size of clusters, productivity per plant and per hectare. The analyzes of must were pH, total acidity and soluble solids (°Brix). In wine, pH, total acidity, sugars, alcohol, volatile acidity and color were analyzed. In the end a wine sensory analysis was carried out. The results showed that the bud break of plants pruned early, in May, occurred at the same time as plants pruned in June and July. Early pruning resulted in lower productivity. The grape must from plants pruned late, in August, showed higher total acidity and lower values ​​of soluble solids and sugars. Early pruning did not change the duration of the cultivar's phenological subperiods, nor did it bring forward the harvest in relation to the control. The different pruning times influenced productivity more than the composition of grapes and wines, indicating that it is possible to extend the pruning period.
Copyright (c) 2025 Keila Aloy, Samuel Francisco Gobi, Hyoran Caius Genindo Barreto Martins, Suziane Antes Jacobs, Daniel Pazzini Eckhardt; Alberto Fontanella Brighenti; Rafael Lizandro Schumacher, Vagner Brasil Costa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Decomposition and nutrient release from shoot of legumes cover crops
The cover crops can reduce soil exposure and erosion while enhancing nutrient cycling for crops. Effective implementation requires understanding how cover crops decompose and release nutrients to align with crop demand. This research assessed the decomposition rates and nutrient release of various legume residues commonly used as green manure or cover crops in agricultural systems. The study took place in a nutrient-deficient Red-Yellow Ultisol, using a split-plot design with different legume cover crop species: Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cajanus cajan, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), Dolichos lablab, Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna aterrima as the main plots and six evaluation periods: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after incorporation (DAI) as the subplots. Initial mass losses were observed in the first 60 days, followed by a slower decline over the study period. The order of nutrient accumulation in biomass was found to be: K > N > P > Ca > Mg. The Dolichos lablab species had the slowest decomposition rate, with a half-life of 43 days, while Cajanus cajan had the fastest, with a half-life of 65 days. Potassium reached its maximum by 30 DAI, indicating a rapid transfer to the soil. Nitrogen, P, and K contents decreased during different vegetative phases, highlighting the importance of proper timing for legume management. Hemp, Crotalaria spectabilis, Dolichos lablab, and Canavalia ensiformis were suitable for short-cycle vegetables due to rapid nutrient availability. Conversely, Cajanus spp., and Mucuna aterrima were better for extended soil coverage and slow nutrient release.
Copyright (c) 2025 Valdevan Rosendo dos Santos, Leonardo Correia Costa, Flávio Henrique Silveira Rabêlo, Loren Chisté, Beatriz Macêdo Medeiros, Carlos Tadeu dos Santos Dias http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fruit quality of 'Stanley' plums based on soil composition across diverse agro-ecological zones of Morocco
The national production of plums, especially prunes, is strongly increasing, attracting attention in the local market. This study aims to assess the impact of soil chemical composition on the nutritional and physicochemical quality of plums of the variety ''STANLEY'' (Prunus Domestica L.) across diverse agro-ecological zones of Morocco. Through a preliminary survey of 21 growers in three distinct regions: Sais, Atlas and Oriental. Supplemented by sampling at eight locations in eastern and western Morocco, three categories of parameters were considered in this study: (1) parameters related to cultivation conditions, including climate, geographical structuring, plot size and planting age; (2) those providing information on physico-chemical properties, nutritional value and sugar content; (3) parameters related to soil quality. The surveyed farmers are proprietors of cultivated plots ranging from 6 to 70 hectares, with an average yield of 12T/ h. Notably, 28% of producers with recently established plantations (less than 10 years) have achieved yields exceeding 15T/h, indicating the fertility of trees at this stage of maturity. The findings affirm that soil fertility and soil amendment are the major factors contributing to high-quality fruit (large caliber, high Brix rate, intact product…). Additionally, this study highlights the significance of climate and irrigation in achieving the desired quality of plums.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oumaima Mrabet , Zakaria Asbai, Meryem Hadidi, Bouchaib Bahlaouan , Rajaa Tesse , Said ElAntri, Nadia Boutaleb http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Consumer liking of steamed green Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) cultivated in formulated vegetable waste-based organic hydroponic solutions
Chinese cabbage or pak choy (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) is often consumed because of its high nutritional content and several health advantages. Due to their promotion as being healthier and more ecologically friendly, hydroponic vegetables have seen a recent spike in consumer interest. The production of Chinese cabbage involved the processing of the vegetable waste to create various hydroponic solution formulations (F1 = banana peels, eggshells, and bean sprouts; F2 = banana humps, onion peels, bean sprouts, and moringa leaves; F3 = moringa leaves, onion peels, and bean sprouts; and F4 = AB Mix solution). They were applied at concentrations of 600, 900, 1,200, and 1,500 parts per million. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the type of hydroponic growth solutions and Chinese cabbage customer acceptance. As a result, using a hedonic test of consumer liking, a panel of 32 untrained individuals was asked to show their liking score on sensory attributes of Chinese cabbage. There was a significant difference in the color liking of Chinese cabbage as an effect of hydroponic solution formulation. However, both organic vegetable waste-based formulations did not statistically substantially affect consumer acceptance, which includes color, taste, flavor, texture, and overall liking. Ultimately, vegetable waste-based organic formulations can be used to produce Chinese cabbage that is as acceptable to customers as those prepared with inorganic AB-Mix solution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erika Pardede, Ferlist Siahaan, Rita Hayati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Weed interference on organic carrot yield under different sowing methods
Weed cause serious problems to vegetable cultivation, justifying the importance of studies on the interference of these plants in agricultural crops and management techniques in the context of organic production. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the interference of weed on the yield of carrot grown under different sowing methods. The study was conducted at the Seridó Ecological Station in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Control and coexistence experiments with weeds were set up in a split-plot design (5 x 2), with the plot corresponding to the coexistence or control periods: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days after sowing, and the subplots corresponding to the sowing methods: direct seeding and water conditioning. Cultivation followed the recommendations for carrot and for the organic system. The harvest and evaluations were performed after 80 days by evaluating the biometric variables, the carrot yield, and the weed mass. The statistical analysis consisted of the test of assumptions followed by analysis of variance. Non-linear regression was used for the yield parameters by determining the interference periods. In contrast, linear regression was used for the other variables. Carrot coexistence with weeds reduced the conventional commercial yield by 75.73% and the organic commercial yield by 57.07%. Organic carrot cultivation should occur free of weed from 21 to 28 days. Water conditioning increased the organic carrot yield.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luís Gustavo de Souza e Souza, Regina Lúcia Félix Ferreira, Sebastião Elviro de Araújo Neto, Thays Lemos Uchôa, Nilciléia Mendes da Silva, Geazí Penha Pinto, Wagner de Moura Francisco, Sandra Bezerra da Silva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tomato growth submitted to different soil water conditions using biostimulants
Stress caused by water deficit is the main factor that decreases the productivity and quality of agricultural products. The objective of this study was to describe the morphological components of tomato plants subjected to different soil water conditions, as well as elucidate the use of the Seed+ and Crop+ biostimulants as an alternative to mitigate the effects of water deficit. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments: control; Seed+; Seed+ + Crop+ 1x; Seed+ + Crop+ 2x; Crop+ 1x; Crop+ 2x, in soil water conditions at 50% and 100% soil water retention capacity (WRC). The plant height, leaf width and length, and stem diameter variables referring to the plants were assessed under both soil water conditions and by applying biostimulants. Data were organized and adjusted to the non-linear logistic regression model in order to describe the growth of tomato plants of the Santa Cruz Kada cultivar, which proved to be adequate to describe the growth and showed the best fit; in addition, the use of the Seed+ and Crop+ biostimulants helped in the morphology of tomato plants in both water conditions and reduced the damages caused by water deficit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariane Peripolli, Jaqueline Sgarbossa, Maria Inês Diel , Tassiane Bolzan Morais, Érika Nogueira Müller, Maicon Pivetta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Conservation of Astrocaryum aculeatum seeds as a function of storage conditions of diaspores
Information on the conservation of Astrocaryum aculeatum seeds can contribute to the sustainable management of this species, as commercial harvesting of its fruits is essentially extractivist. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germination and vigor of A. aculeatum seeds based on the storage conditions of diaspores (seeds with endocarp). A completely randomized experimental design was used, with a split-plot arrangement in time and four replications. Diaspores containing seeds with 21.1% moisture content were packaged and stored under the following conditions: a) permeable packaging in a natural environment (air temperature of 27.7 ± 1.5 °C and relative air humidity of 85.0 ± 11.9%); b) impermeable packaging in a natural environment; c) impermeable packaging in a cold chamber (18.0 ± 1.0 ºC and relative air humidity of 68.1 ± 6.2%). Seed moisture content, germination, dormancy, and mortality, percentage of seedling emergence, emergence speed index, and mean emergence time were evaluated after different storage periods (0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 months). Storing diaspores of A. aculeatum in impermeable packaging in a natural environment effectively preserve seed physiological quality for ten months. Contrastingly, storing diaspores in permeable packaging in a natural environment and in impermeable packaging in a cold chamber reduces seed physiological quality after two to three months of storage.
Mineral concentration in citrus peel flours
Citrus fruits are known for their health benefits but managing processing waste is a challenge. Extracting bioactive compounds from these residues to create new products is promising, but mineral analysis is essential for food safety. The objective of this study was to analyze how the methodology for obtaining flour from sweet passion fruit peel, Tahiti lime, Murcott tangerine, and pearl pineapple influences the amounts of minerals Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, and to determine the presence of these minerals in flours according to the defined limits. Maceration demonstrated a significant reduction in mineral content, such as iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and chromium, in the flours of lime and tangerine peels and passion fruit albedo. There was an increase in mineral levels after this process, such as zinc in passion fruit flavedo flour and manganese in tangerine and pineapple peels. Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr were respectively determined in 100g-1 in flours, from lime peel: 3,696mg; 1,273mg; 22,834mg, 0.422mg; 1104.945 μg; tangerine peel: 1,322mg; 2,560mg; 13,571mg; 0.236mg; passion fruit albedo: 8,596mg; 6,480mg; 76,003mg; 1,031mg; passion fruit flavedo 8,609mg; 3,363mg; 86,167mg; 2,317mg; in pineapple skin: 12,181mg; 0.704mg; 71,018mg; *mg; 2224.215 μg. Cr was not determined in the flours: albedo and flavedo from passion fruit, and tangerine and Cu from pineapple peel. Flours are sources of minerals but must be consumed with caution due to high quantities that can exceed the maximum tolerable intake limits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Viviane da Cruz Lima , Raquel Flôres Sampaio, Laís Donata Bento Correia, Luiz Raposo Júnior, Andrea Carla da Silva Barretto, Thaise Mariá Tobal Pereira http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phenology and fruit quality of Surinam cherry trees in orchards: training system and seedling growth environment
Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a fruit tree species native to Brazil that produces fruits with potential for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there is no technical information for growing Surinam cherry in orchards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenology and fruit quality of Surinam cherry trees grown from minicuttings, based on effects of shading during seedling formation and orchard training systems. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), from 2018 to 2021. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, in a 5×3 factorial arrangement, consisted of light intensities during seedling formation and orchard training systems, with varying experimental units according to the analyses. Surinam cherry trees showed differences in the beginning and range of flowering and fruit maturation according to the shading environment used for seedling formation and the orchard training system. The fruit quality of Surinam cherry trees grown from minicuttings was not affected by the analyzed factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alberto Ricardo Stefeni, Américo Wagner Júnior, Viviane da Rosa, Igor Alfonzo Garay, Maiara Bueno Ferreira, Matheus Araújo Moreira Rocha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bioinsecticides based on neem (Azadirachta indica) and rue (Ruta graveolens) against Agrotis ipsilon
Agrotis ipsilon is an important pest of several crops, where it causes damage to various parts of the plant such as stems, roots, leaves and tubers. Due to the growing demand for controlling these pests, there is a constant need for new products as the organisms acquire resistance after continuous contact. And this also generates a demand for bioinsecticides, which normally pose a lower health risk and are less harmful to the environment. Among the plants commonly used as insecticides are neem and rue, which have already been studied for several pests, although never together. This work aimed to determine the insecticidal activity of a natural insecticide derived from a mixture of neem and rue, commonly used in the region of Senhor do Bonfim-BA against A. ipsilon. Four different solutions were prepared, containing a) 20 neem leaves, 10 rue leaves and 5 A. ipsilon caterpillars, b) 20 neem leaves and 10 rue leaves, c) 20 neem leaves and d) 10 rue leaves. Water was tested as control. In the tests carried out, both the mixture popularly used in the region, containing neem, rue, and A. ipsilon caterpillars, as well as the solution containing only neem and rue had good results, killing all caterpillars in 72 hours. Isolated plant extracts did not obtain good results, only delaying the formation of pupae for neem extracts. Therefore, the mixture of Neem and Rue showed good insecticidal potential against A. ipsilon, with much higher activity than its isolated components.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Roberta Rodrigues de Souza, Roberta Camile da Silva Lima, Liliane Gallindo Dantas, Gustavo Frensch http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cobalt associated with potassium phosphite improves the post-harvest quality of mango cv. Palmer
Mango is a highly perishable climacteric fruit with a short post-harvest period. Therefore, to extend shelf life, the mangoes were treated pre-harvest with a potassium phosphite solution (1.4 g/mL KH2PO4) and a control solution (0 g/mL KH₂PO) associated with different doses of cobalt (0; 48; 64; 80; 112 ml.plant-1) at a density of 1.30 g/mL. The work measured physical, chemical, and biochemical variables. Cobalt and potassium phosphite favored maintaining color and firmness and reduced the respiratory rate. The treatments significantly affected the chemical variables, reduced the soluble solids content, conserved ascorbic acid, and preserved the pH. Foliar application of cobalt and potassium phosphite at pre-harvest is an efficient technique for improving shelf life and maintaining mango quality during storage at room temperature.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mariana Oliveira de Jesus, Gisele Polete Mizobutsi, Paola Junayra Lima Prates, Juceliandy Mendes da Silva Pinheiro, Moacir Brito de Oliveira, Edson Hiydu Mizobutsi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transformation of dolomite powder into value added fertilizer and its effect on growth and yield of tomato plant
In Dolomite industry, various purposes have led to the generation of large amount of dolomite powder during mechanical processing. Dolomite is a rich source of Ca and Mg and XRF analysis showed the presence of certain micro and ultra micro plant nutrients in it. In the raw form these nutrients are not in easily plant accessible form. In the present research, dolomite powder was converted into easily plant accessible form and its value-added fertilizer is formed by mixing vermicompost with chemically converted dolomite powder. Three types of experiments- control (simple soil), control with compost (soil + vermicompost), and different percentages [X, 2X, 3X, 4X & 5X (X= 3%)] of value-added fertilizer with soil were performed on growth and yield of tomato plant. It was found that among all treatments, 5X showed maximum plant growth, crop yield with increased biomass.
Copyright (c) 2025 Divya Parmar, Meenakshi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Potassium dose and nutritional diagnosis of virus-free garlic
Potassium (K) fertilizer application in garlic (Allium sativum L) is commonly based on current cultivars that are normally infected with phytopathogenic viruses. Garlic are being developed using meristem culture, but methods for K diagnosis in this type of garlic need to be validated. The objective was to evaluate methods for diagnosing nutritional status of virus-free garlic as a result of K doses through use of a specific K+ meter in soil solution and foliar sap, and to determine foliar K content and its relationship with yield and quality of bulbs. Treatments consisted of K2O doses: 0, 50, 100, 250 or 500 kg ha-1 established in 5 separate locations. In all locations, K2O was applied in a single dose, before planting and incorporated in the 0-0.2 m layer. Response of garlic to K fertilization was low, with marketable yield being significant at a single location, with the highest marketable yield associated with 309 kg ha-1 of K2O. The K content of the soil solution and the K in the foliar sap increased with application of increasing K dose. Due to the low response of marketable yield of garlic to K fertilization, technologies of nutritional diagnosis of K was not efficient. Therefore, future studies should focus on different soil K concentrations to validate the sensibility of these technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Angela Cristina Paviani, Anderson Luiz Feltrim, Anderson Fernando Wamser, Danilo Eduardo Rozane, Neuro Hilton Wolschick, Leandro Hahn http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Morphology and initial development of Hancornia speciosa var speciosa in different substrates
The impact of commercial demand on fruits explored through extractivism requires sustainable production strategies. Among these strategies is seedling propagation for reforestation and/or commercial plantations. The substrate and its impact on the quantity and quality of propagated plants are critical aspects of seedling propagation. Hancornia speciosa, commonly known as mangabeira, is a native fruit species that has been primarily explored through extractivism; thus, the goal of this study was to assess the early development of H. speciosa var. speciosa seedlings in different substrates using morphophysiological parameters. The seeds were processed and sown in six different substrates (sand, sand + powder coconut coir, sand + vermiculite, commercial substrate, commercial substrate + powder coconut coir, vermiculite, commercial substrate + vermiculite). To evaluate seedling development, the parameters First Emergence Count, Emergence Percentage, Emergence Speed Index, Total Seedling Size, Shoot Height, Root Length, Stem Diameter, Number of Leaves, and Shoot and Root Dry Massa were used. The pure vermiculite substrate performed best across all parameters, followed by the commercial substrate + powder coconut coir and the commercial substrate. As a result, substrates containing pure vermiculite are recommended for the propagation of H. speciosa var. speciosa, whereas substrates containing higher concentrations of sand, 50 to 100%, have a negative impact on seedling development for this variety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Veruska Cruz Silva, Evandro Neves Muniz, Juliana Lopes Souza, Adrielle Naiana Ribeiro Soares, Ana da Silva Ledo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato genotypes
Tomato plants are the most widely cultivated fruit vegetables globally. The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is the leading pest of this crop and can cause up to 100% loss of production. Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the development and resistance of antibiosis and non-preference types (antixenosis) for oviposition and feeding of T. absoluta in commercial tomato hybrids in choice and no-choice tests. For the experiments, an open-pollinated tomato cultivar was used as a control: ‘Santa Clara’ cultivar - susceptible - Italian type, along with eight commercial tomato hybrids were used: ‘Compack’ - salad type, ‘Caniati’ - Italian type, ‘Grazianni’ - Italian type, ‘Sweet Heaven’ - grape type, ‘Cascade’ - cherry type, ‘Ellen’ - salad type, ‘Bento’ - Italian type, and ‘Dominador’ - salad type, all having an indeterminate growth habit. According to the evaluated biological parameters (dendrogram and principal component analysis - PCA), the ‘Sweet Heaven’ hybrid showed a negative effect on the development of T. absoluta, with an increase in the duration of the larval, adult, and total phases, and low larval and total viability. The tomato hybrid ‘Cascade’ exhibited lower attractiveness for T. absoluta oviposition in no-choice tests. The tomato hybrids 'Sweet Heaven', 'Compack', and ‘Cascade’ showed a lower percentage of leaf area consumed. However, ‘Dominador’, ‘Santa Clara’, and ‘Ellen’ were the tomato genotypes that showed higher susceptibility to the development of T. absoluta, encompassing high larval, pupal, and total viability (larva-adult period). Concluding that the ‘Sweet Heaven’ hybrid negatively affected the development cycle of T. absoluta, while the ‘Cascade’ hybrid exhibited lower attractiveness for oviposition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alessandro Bandeira Dalbianco, Daniel de Lima Alvarez, Nadja Nara Pereira da Silva, Diego Fernando Daniel, Daniel Mariano Santos, Santino Seabra Júnior, Regiane Cristina de Oliveira http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of scallion (Allium fistulosum L.) in substrate and homeopathic solutions of water hyacinth
Scallion (Allium fistulosum) is a widely appreciated condiment in the Brazilian population, with significant economic and nutritional importance. Organic cultivation alternatives for this crop have been sought. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the development of scallion in a substrate produced from the floating aquatic plant known as Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), combined with soil or without it, with the application of homeopathic solutions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with five replicates and six treatments, namely: Pure Water Hyacinth Substrate (SAP); Water Hyacinth Substrate with Homeopathic solution (SA+HA); Soil and Water Hyacinth Substrate (S+SA); Soil and Water Hyacinth Substrate with Homeopathic solution (S+SA+HA); Pure Soil (SP), and Soil with Homeopathic solution (S+HA). The following parameters were evaluated 60 days after planting: plant height in centimeters (AP), shoot diameter in millimeters (DP), and the number of shoots (NP). Analysis of variance revealed that plant height (AP) did not exhibit significant differences between substrates with or without the homeopathic solution. In contrast, substrates containing Water Hyacinth exhibited greater shoot diameter and number of shoots. This study showed that the Water Hyacinth substrate and homeopathic solution had promising results in the production of scallion seedlings when combined with soil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sthefany dos Santos Maidana Palacios, Joyce Wandela Viana Ribeiro, Nilbe Carla Mapeli, Cassiano Cremon, Ana Maria Mapeli http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pre-harvest application of 2-(3-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid on pineapple plants
The application of plant regulators such as exogenous auxin may provide effects on the translocation of carbohydrates to plant sinks, which may result in larger parthenocarpic fruits. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of the application of 2-(3-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid on the growth and quality of pineapple fruits. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design. After floral induction, 2-(3-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid (CPA) was applied directly on the inflorescences at the following doses: 0 mg L-1; 40.0 mg L-1; 80.0 mg L-1; 120.0 mg L-1 and 160.0 mg L-1. Growth evaluations continued until 84 days after application, measuring fruit length (cm) with and without crown, crown length (cm), leaf D dry matter, fruit weight with and without crown (g), calculating if also, the absolute and relative growth rates. The post-harvest and quality characteristics of the fruits were also evaluated, as well as the harvest index. The application of CPA significantly reduces the length and weight of the crown of the fruits, however, the exogenous application of auxin provided an increase in the weight of the fruit. Regarding the post-harvest analysis, the application of CPA reduced the content of soluble solids in the fruit pulp.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fernanda Soares Oliveira, Victor Martins Maia, Rodinei Facco Pegoraro, Danielle Mota Carvalho, Mirna Ariane Taveira de Sousa Souza, Mauro Franco Castro Mota http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Araceae Juss. used as an ornamental in Northeastern Brazil
Araceae Juss. is widely used by the local population for various purposes, including food, mysticism and crafts. The aim of this study was to conduct a survey of Araceae species used in neighborhoods in Floriano, Piauí, and to classify these species based on their origin and habit. The research employed the "Rapport" technique and semi-structured interviews with residents of the of Floriano, Piauí, along with an analysis of the species use value. Nineteen species belonging to thirteen genera were documented, categorized into two main uses: ornamental and mystical. Species such as Aglaonema commutatum Schott, Dieffenbachia seguine Schott, Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting and Zamioculca zamiifolia (Lodd.)Engl. exhibited the highest use value (0.016 each). These species are predominantly cultivated and are of exotic origin, with varying habits including climbing, epiphytic, hemiepiphytic, and herbaceous. Caladium bicolor, Monstera obliqua and Philodendron acutatum are species native to Brazil, found in the Northeast region. However, only while Philodendron acutatum was recorded on the flora of the state. Studies like this contributes to the dissemination of local knowledge and facilitate the exploration of the Araceae flora. Further research is warranted to identify additional use categories and to catalog Araceae species specific to the state, given the limited availability of studies on this plant family in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Cristina Alves Rodrigues, Ivanilza Moreira de Andrade , Creusa Carvalho da Costa, Seliomar de Sousa Oliveira Santos , Ruanna Thaimires Brandão Souza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quality and postharvest conservation of sour passion fruit genotypes
The postharvest phase is a limiting factor for climacteric fruits such as passion fruit due to rapid deterioration causing wilting and favoring the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the postharvest quality of passion fruit genotypes cultivated in Mâncio Lima, Acre, as a function of the storage period after harvest. The experiment was set up and conducted at the Plant Science Laboratory of the Federal University of Acre, Campus Floresta. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 10 x 5 factorial arrangement referring to 10 sour passion fruit genotypes and five postharvest evaluation periods, with three replications of six fruits. The fruits were evaluated for physical and chemical quality. Analysis of variance and polynomial regression were performed at 5% significance. The genotypes showed oscillations regarding the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits depending on the storage time. All evaluated genotypes are recommended for cultivation. However, when harvested directly from the ground after detached from the plant, fruits must be stored for up to 10 days at room temperature.
Copyright (c) 2025 James Maciel de Araújo, Romeu de Carvalho Andrade Neto, Leonardo Barreto Tavella, Hugo Mota Ferreira Leite, Marlon Lima de Araújo, Lauro Saraíva Lessa, Marcos Giovane Pedroza de Abreu, João Paulo Sebim Marim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Repeatability of quantitative characteristics in sweet orange through mixed-model methodology
The objective was to estimate the repeatability coefficient of quantitative traits in multiple harvests of sweet orange, in order to infer the minimum number of evaluations necessary to identify superior genotypes of orange trees through the methodology of mixed models. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks containing 55 sweet orange genotypes and three replications. The repeatability coefficients were estimated using the maximum residual likelihood method (REML) and the prediction of genotypic values using the best unbiased linear predictor (BLUP). The Selegen software was used to perform the statistical analysis. The average heritability of genotypes in eight seasons, individual and eight seasons repeatability, selection accuracy in one and eight seasons, repeatability determination coefficient, accuracy of permanent phenotypic values based on M years of assessment and efficiency of M assessments compared to situation where only one assessment is carried out. The predictive accuracy of the selection revealed a significant degree of certainty in the inferences made. Evaluation over six seasons can increase accuracy to 70% in selecting sweet orange genotypes for yield-related traits. For the prediction of average fruit mass, seven harvests are enough to obtain 80% accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Márcia da Costa Capistrano, Rychaellen Silva de Brito, Romeu de Carvalho Andrade Neto, Vanderley Borges dos Santos, Lauro Saraiva Lessa, Marcos Deon Vilela de Resende, Fábio de Lima Gurgel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gas exchange in yellow passion fruit hybrids in the Semiarid region
Agronomic characterization and exploitation of the genetic variability in plants of the Passiflora can reveal important genetic resources because the Passiflora species grown under semiarid conditions make important contributions to breeding. The aim of this work was to evaluate the vegetative and physiological characteristics of fifteen yellow passion fruit hybrids in semiarid conditions. The experiment was conducted at IF Baiano – campus Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil. The 15 treatments were 10 genotypes: H09-10; GP09-02; H09-02; H09-14; H09-07; H09-09; FOP09; GP09-03; H09-30; FOP08 from the Active Germplasm Bank of the Genetic Breeding Program of Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, and five commercial hybrids: FB200; FB300; BRS SC; BRGA; BRS Rubi. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, with three replications and five observational units per plot. Vegetative characteristics (main branch length, number of functional leaves, number of nodes, and number of flower buds) were measured at full vegetative development, 90 days after transplanting (DAT). Hybrid H09-10 is the earliest in flowering, physiologically more efficient in the morning, closes stomata in the afternoon, regulates transpiration, and has lower leaf temperature, higher photosynthesis rate, and more efficient water use. Gas exchanges and photosynthesis rates, at 300 DAT, vary between hybrids and reading times: photosynthesis is higher in the morning while transpiration is greater in the afternoon. The reduction in carboxylation efficiency is related to non-stomatal factors. Gas exchange variables of the genotypes tend to be directly correlated with the photosynthetically active radiation incident on the leaf
Copyright (c) 2025 Alessandro de Magalhães Arantes, Jeandson Pereira da Silva, Onildo Nunes de Jesus, Raul Castro Carriello Rosa, Sandra Santos Teixeira http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quality of minimally processed ‘Monalisa’ apples with antioxidants and edible toppings
Minimally processed fruits are an alternative to add value to products that are difficult to sell, in addition to facilitateconsumer consumption. The objective is to research pulp browning inhibition in a simulated commercialization of minimally processed ‘Monalisa’ apples, stored in a refrigerated environment. After being sanitized with sodium hypochlorite, the apples were cut and immersed in the following treatments: the control being sodium erythorbate (ES) + A (distilled water); ES + FM (cassava starch 3%); ES + AS (3% sodium alginate); ES + AM (6% waxy maize starch) and ES + AP (3% pine nut starch), all together with 1% calcium chloride. Afterwards, 10 slices were placed in a polyethylene tray, wrapped in stretchable PVC film and stored in a refrigerated chamber at 4 ºC ± 1 ºC and relative humidity of 90 - 95%. Phytochemical evaluations were performed at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days of storage. The applied treatments maintained fruit quality. The treatment with cassava starch and pine nut starch were efficient in preserving the darkening of the fruit pulp on day 9. As for the waxy corn starch treatment, the enzyme activity was lower in the period of 0 and 6 days, maintaining quality and delaying darkening. The control sample (ES + A + CC) stood out during the 9-day period, as there was a decrease in the activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Álvaro Batista de Oliveira, Paulo Mello-Farias, Rufino Fernando Flores Cantillano, Marines Batalha Moreno Kirinus, Flávio Gilberto Herter, Mateus da Silveira Pasa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Shinus molle essential oil against Aspergillus parasiticus and Cladosporium cladosporiodes
Aspergillus parasiticus and Cladosporium cladosporioides are fungi that present significant health risks. This study explored the antifungal potential of Shinus molle essential oil, a plant with a rich cultural history of medicinal and environmental uses. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of Shinus molle using hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were established based on the radial growth of A. parasiticus and C. cladosporioides. The IC50 of the essential oil was specifically evaluated to assess spore germination. The primary compounds identified in the essential oil of S. molle included α-pinene, α-phellandrene, and γ-elemene. The findings revealed that the essential oil inhibited over 50% of the radial growth of both fungi after 96 hours. However, no significant differences were observed in the IC50 values for spore germination at 24 hours compared to the controls. The MIC recorded was notably high for the fungi evaluated. This study suggests that while S. molle essential oil does not inhibit the germination of A. parasiticus and C. cladosporioides, it restricts their growth radial at elevated concentrations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eber Quintana-Obregón, Irasema Vargas-Arispuro, Miguel Ángel Martínez-Téllez, Soila Maribel Gaxiola-Camacho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0